Casting Stones with Intent: Transnational Interventions towards Ethical and Reparative Memorialisation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.2024.40.09Keywords:
Black Lives Matter, Edward Colston, James Cook, Memorialisation, Imperial Amnesia, Artistic InterventionsAbstract
In the summer of 2020, on the wave of the Black Lives Matter Movement, statues and public monuments became focal points of political struggle, perceived by many as symbolic reminders of pervading western imperial legacies. Yet, the debate over public memorialisation is far from new. Starting from the 2020 BLM protests in Britain and going back to previous campaigns, this article contextualises the toppling, effacing and removal of well-known statues of colonial agents in Britain, Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand and examines artistic interventions which appropriate, challenge and shatter static historical interpretations of imperial figures and events. Our contention is that these interventions constitute diverse forms of performative and re-storied resistance reflecting transnational demands for redress and reparation.
Funding
This publication derives from the Teaching Innovation Project: “CultivARTE: Elaboración colaborativa de materiales didácticos multimedia en el aula de literatura y cultura” financed by IRIE, UIB. Reference PID222450.References
N.A. 2020. "Artist Action: The Fall of Edward Colston". Green Hat, June 10. https://greenhat.studio/artist-action-the-fall-of-edward-colston/ [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
N.A. (n.d.) "Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery: Art". PortCities Bristol, https://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/after-slavery/effects-on-bristol/culturalcontributions/art/ [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
N.A. 2020. "Cecil Rhodes Statue: Explanatory Plaque Placed at Oxford College". BBC News, October 12. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-englandoxfordshire-58885181 [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
N.A. 2020. "Contextualisation of the Rhodes Legacy". Oriel College Website, https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/about-college/college-history/contextualisation-rhodeslegacy [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
N.A. 2018. "Edward Colston Plaque in Bristol 'Shows Full History'". BBC, July 28. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-44951380 [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
N.A. 2018. "Protestors to Cover H. M. Stanley Statue in Denbigh", The Free Press, August 15. https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/16420475.protestorscover-h-m-stanley-statue-denbigh/ [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
Akbar, Arifa. 2016. "David Olusoga: 'There's a Dark Side to British history, and we Saw a Flash of it this Summer'". The Guardian, November 4. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/04/david-olusoga-interview-black-history [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
Albert, Tony. 2020. You Wreck Me. Making Art Work.
Antonello, Alessandro & Cushing, Nancy. 2021. "Re-storying Monuments: Forum Introduction". History Australia 18 (4): 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2021.1991816
Art Gallery of New South Wales. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/6fd57 [Accessed online on March 31, 2022].
Ballantyne, Tony. 2021. "Toppling the Past?: Statues, Public Memory and the Afterlife of Empire in Contemporary New Zealand". Public History Review 28. https://doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v28i0.7503
Ballantyne, Tony. 2020. "Putting Captain Cook in his Place". University of Otago Magazine 51: 33-35. https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagomagazine/issue51/opinion/ [Accessed online on March 31, 2022].
Biennale of Sydney. 2020. "Nicholas Galanin" https://www.biennaleofsydney.art/participants/nicholas-galanin/ [Accessed online on March 31, 2022].
Burch-Brown, Joanna Cole, Tim, et al. 2022. The Colston Statue: What Next? We Are Bristol History Commission Short Report. Bridging Histories: Bristol.
Carlston, Brownyn and Farrelli, Terry. 2022. "Monumental Upheavals: Unsettled fates of the Captain Cook Statue and Other Colonial Monuments in Australia". Thesis Eleven, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/07255136211069416
Catterall, Pippa. 2020. "On Statues and History: The Dialogue between Past and Present in Public Space". British Politics and Policy at LSE, June 18. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/statues-past-and-present/ [Accessed online on May 20, 2022].
Craft in America. "Nicholas Galanin on "Shadow on the Land, and Excavation and Bush Burial", https://www.craftinamerica.org/short/nicholas-galanin-onshadow-on-the-land-and-excavation-and-bush-burial [Accessed online on May 15, 2022].
Darian-Smith, Kate and Schlunke, Katrina. 2020. Cooking the Books: how ReEnactments of the Endeavour's Voyage Perpetuate Myths of Australia's 'Discovery'. The Conversation, April 28. https://theconversation.com/cookingthe-books-how-re-enactments-of-the-endeavours-voyage-perpetuate-myths-ofaustralias-discovery-126751 [Accessed online on May 20, 2022].
Doherty, Ben. 2017. "'Full Truth': Descendants of Australia's 'Blackbirded' Islanders Want Pioneer Statues Amended". The Guardian, August 24. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/24/full-truth-needs-to-be-told-descendants-of-blackbirded-south-sea-islanders-want-memorials-amended [Accessed online on April 15, 2022].
Edmonds, Penelope. 2021. "Monuments on Trial: #BlackLivesMatter, 'Travelling Memory' and the Transcultural Afterlives of Empire". History Australia 18(4): 801-822. https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2021.1994862
Giblin, John, Inma Ramos and Nikki Grout. 2019. "Dismantling the Master's House: Thoughts on Representing Empire and Decolonising Museums and Public Spaces in Practice". Third Text 33.4-5: 471-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2019.1653065
Goodrich, Andre and Pia Bombardella. 2016. "What are Statues Good for? Winning the Battle or Losing the Battleground?" KOERS 81.3: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.81.3.2272
Graham-Mclay, Charlotte. 2019. "UK Expresses 'Regret' over Māori Killings after Cook's Arrival in New Zealand". The Guardian, October 2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/02/britain-expresses-regret-over-maorikillings-after-captain-cooks-arrival-in-new-zealand [Accessed online on April 16, 2022].
Hirsch, Afua. 2017. "Toppling Statues? Here's Why Nelson's Column Should be Next". The Guardian, August 22. https://www.theguardian./commentisfree/2017/aug/22/toppling-statues-nelsons-column-should-be-next-slavery [Accessed online on April 16, 2022].
Jones, Owen. 2020. "Toppling Statues of Bygone Tyrants Forces British People to Face Present-Day Racism". The Guardian, June 11. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/11/toppling-statues-bygone-tyrants-forces-britishpeople-face-present-day-racism [Accessed online on April 16, 2022].
Knudsen, Brita Timm and Andersen, Casper. 2019. "Affective Politics and Colonial Heritage, Rhodes Must Fall at UCT and Oxford", International Journal of Heritage Studies 25.3: 239-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1481134
McGregor, Steven (dir.). 2020. Looky Looky Here Comes Cooky. Roar Film and Tamarind Tree Pictures.
Matthwes, Philip. 2019. Tuia 250: The Return of the 'Death Ship'. Stuff. October 14. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/116374482/tuia-250-the-returnof-the-death-ship [Accessed online on April 14, 2022].
Mendes, Ana Cristina 2021. "From 'Crisis? to Imagination: Putting White Heroes Under Erasure Post-George Floyd", Cultural Studies 21. 5: 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/15327086211028677
Meredith, Courtney Sina and Tait, Mat. 2019. The Adventures of Tupaia. Auckland: Allen & Unwin & Auckland War Memorial Museum.
Mignolo, Walter D. 2021. The Politics of Decolonial Investigations. Durham: Duke UP. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478002574
M-SHED, Bristol. https://www.bristolmuseums.org.uk/m-shed/whats-on/thecolston-statue-what-next/ [Accessed online on March 31, 2022].
Murphy, Katherine. 2020. "Scott Morrison: Black Lives Matter Protesters should be Charged if they Defy Advice and March". The Guardian, June 11. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/11/scott-morrison-if-black-livesmatter-protesters-defy-advice-and-march-they-should-be-charged [Accessed online on March 15, 2022].
Nasar, Saima. 2020. "Remembering Edward Colston: Histories of Slavery, Memory and Black Globality". Women's History Review 29.7: 1218-1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2020.1812815
Newsinger, John. 2016. "Why Rhodes Must Fall". Race and Class 58.2: 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396816657726
Nsw Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. 2020. "Cook's Landing Site to be Recognised for 250th Anniversary", April 18. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/news/cooks-landing-site-to-be-recognised-for-250th-anniversary [Accessed online on May 10, 2022].
Nsw Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. 2020. "Fabrication of Kamay Sculptures Underway", September 17. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/park-management/communityengagement/kamay-botany-bay-national-park-public-consultation/fabricationof-sculptures [Accessed online on May 10, 2022].
Procter, Alice. 2020. The Whole Picture. The Colonial Story of the Art in our Museums & Why we Need to Talk about it. London: Cassell.
Race, Michael. 2021. Cecil Rhodes Statue will not be Removed by Oxford College. BBC News, May 20. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-57175057 [Accessed online on April 14, 2022].
Rolls, Lala. (dir.) 2020. Tupaia's Endeavour 2012-2019. Island Productions Aotearoa, Oceana Film, The Major Arc Trust.
Roy, Eleanor Ainge. 2019. New Zealand braces for protests ahead of anniversary of Captain Cook's landing. The Guardian, October 4. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/04/new-zealand-braces-for-protests-ahead-of-anniversaryof-captain-cooks-landing [Accessed online on May 20, 2022].
Russell, Graham. 2019. "He's a barbarian': Māori tribe bans replica of Captain Cook's ship from port. The Guardian, September 17. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/17/hes-a-barbarian-maori-tribe-bans-replica-of-captaincooks-ship-from-port [Accessed online on October 10, 2021].
Sanghera, Sathnam. 2021. Empireland. London: Penguin Random House.
Sentance, Nathan. 2021. "Remembering, Re-Storying, Returning". History Australia 18 (4): 823-829. https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2021.1991815
Shilliam, Robbie. 2019. "Behind the Rhodes Statue: Black Competency and Imperial Academy". History of the Human Sciences 32 (5): 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119859727
Thinkots (n.d.). "Kamai 2020 Project Commemorative Installation Public Exhibition", Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/indigenous-architects-artists-to-leadredevelopment-of-cook-s-landing-place-20200811-p55ip0.html [Accessed online on May 15, 2022].
TUIA 250 Report. 2019 Manatū Taonga | Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://mch.govt.nz/sites/default/files/projects/TUIA_250_Report_English_Digital.pdf [Accessed online on May 15, 2022].
Von Tunzelmann, Alex. 2021. Fallen Idols. Twelve Statues that Made History. London: Headline.
Wallace, Eloise. 2019. "The 'Crook Cook' -the story of the statue, Tairawhiti Museum". https://tairawhitimuseum.org.nz/2019/03/26/the-crook-cook-thestory-of-the-statue-2/ [Accessed online on May 15, 2022].
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Irene Pérez-Fernández, Paloma Fresno-Calleja, Aurora García-Fernández
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.